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Tourism can offer rural residents business opportunities in activities that cater to the tourist trade.
Such locally-operated businesses, which may be seasonal, can provide local residents with
valuable opportunities to develop business skills and can give local crafters, farmers, and food
processors, among others, outlets to sell their products to local retail establishments. Farmers
growing fresh produce can take advantage of tourism to establish direct marketing channels for8
ready-to-eat products, which may also serve as outlets for processed foods such as jams, jellies,
breads, and preserves.
Heritage tourism refers to leisure travel that has as its primary purpose the experiencing of places
and activities that represent the past. A principal concern of heritage tourism is historical
authenticity and long-term sustainability of the attraction visited. Active local involvement is
also typically a key component of successful heritage tourism endeavors. Baldwin’s (1994)
study of a local heritage festival in northeastern Tennessee represents a good example of a
successful heritage tourism program that fostered community involvement in an economically
underdeveloped rural community. A different heritage tourism focus is provided by DeLyser’s
(1995) article on ghost towns, which emphasizes that such towns in the West may have rich
histories that can be attractive to potential tourists
A second major type of rural tourism activity is nature-based tourism/ecotourism (sometimes
called recreation-based tourism), which refers to the process of visiting natural areas for the
purpose of enjoying the scenery, including plant and animal wildlife. Nature-based tourism may
be either passive, in which observers tend to be strictly observers of nature, or active
adventure travel activities. McDaniel’s (2001) article of southwestern Virginia, which highlights
the tourism potential of the region’s scenic and abundant recreational activities, is a
representative example. Guglielmino (1998) cautions that although ecotourism represents a
viable economic development strategy for rural areas with natural resources, even successful
ventures require patience for local communities. Also, as noted by King and Stewart (1996),
undertaking ecotourism, unless managed carefully, can sometimes pit people against local
natural resources. This suggests a strong need for pursuing sustainable development in
ecotourism activities, as suggested by Lash (1998), who argues that the needs of the local
community, visitors, and the environment can best be met through a synergistic approach
between development and the environment that will not degrade the resource base
A third major form of tourism is agritourism, which refers to, “the act of visiting a working farm
or any agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness operation for the purpose of enjoyment,
education, or active involvement in the activities of the farm or operation” (Lobo, 2001). It
includes taking part in a broad range of farm-based activities, including farmers’ markets,
“petting” farms, roadside stands, and “pick-your-own” operations; engaging in overnight farm or
ranch stays and other farm visits; and visiting agriculture-related festivals, museums, and other
such attractions. (See Dane (2001b) for a discussion of agritourism, including a listing of some
examples of this type of tourism.) Hilchey’s (1993a) publication provides a detailed discussion
of various farm-based tourism enterprises available to farmers in New York State. He notes that
long-term trends in consumer demand for tourism and recreation suggest that agritourism
enterprises can help provide an important niche market for farmers throughout the Nation.
Hilchey (1993b) also notes that three factors are often the key to successful agritouris
-
Tourism can offer rural residents business opportunities in activities that cater to the tourist trade.
Such locally-operated businesses, which may be seasonal, can provide local residents with
valuable opportunities to develop business skills and can give local crafters, farmers, and food
processors, among others, outlets to sell their products to local retail establishments. Farmers
growing fresh produce can take advantage of tourism to establish direct marketing channels for8
ready-to-eat products, which may also serve as outlets for processed foods such as jams, jellies,
breads, and preserves.
Heritage tourism refers to leisure travel that has as its primary purpose the experiencing of places
and activities that represent the past. A principal concern of heritage tourism is historical
authenticity and long-term sustainability of the attraction visited. Active local involvement is
also typically a key component of successful heritage tourism endeavors. Baldwin’s (1994)
study of a local heritage festival in northeastern Tennessee represents a good example of a
successful heritage tourism program that fostered community involvement in an economically
underdeveloped rural community. A different heritage tourism focus is provided by DeLyser’s
(1995) article on ghost towns, which emphasizes that such towns in the West may have rich
histories that can be attractive to potential tourists
A second major type of rural tourism activity is nature-based tourism/ecotourism (sometimes
called recreation-based tourism), which refers to the process of visiting natural areas for the
purpose of enjoying the scenery, including plant and animal wildlife. Nature-based tourism may
be either passive, in which observers tend to be strictly observers of nature, or active
adventure travel activities. McDaniel’s (2001) article of southwestern Virginia, which highlights
the tourism potential of the region’s scenic and abundant recreational activities, is a
representative example. Guglielmino (1998) cautions that although ecotourism represents a
viable economic development strategy for rural areas with natural resources, even successful
ventures require patience for local communities. Also, as noted by King and Stewart (1996),
undertaking ecotourism, unless managed carefully, can sometimes pit people against local
natural resources. This suggests a strong need for pursuing sustainable development in
ecotourism activities, as suggested by Lash (1998), who argues that the needs of the local
community, visitors, and the environment can best be met through a synergistic approach
between development and the environment that will not degrade the resource base
A third major form of tourism is agritourism, which refers to, “the act of visiting a working farm
or any agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness operation for the purpose of enjoyment,
education, or active involvement in the activities of the farm or operation” (Lobo, 2001). It
includes taking part in a broad range of farm-based activities, including farmers’ markets,
“petting” farms, roadside stands, and “pick-your-own” operations; engaging in overnight farm or
ranch stays and other farm visits; and visiting agriculture-related festivals, museums, and other
such attractions. (See Dane (2001b) for a discussion of agritourism, including a listing of some
examples of this type of tourism.) Hilchey’s (1993a) publication provides a detailed discussion
of various farm-based tourism enterprises available to farmers in New York State. He notes that
long-term trends in consumer demand for tourism and recreation suggest that agritourism
enterprises can help provide an important niche market for farmers throughout the Nation.
Hilchey (1993b) also notes that three factors are often the key to successful agritouris
-
Tourism can offer rural residents business opportunities in activities that cater to the tourist trade.
Such locally-operated businesses, which may be seasonal, can provide local residents with
valuable opportunities to develop business skills and can give local crafters, farmers, and food
processors, among others, outlets to sell their products to local retail establishments. Farmers
growing fresh produce can take advantage of tourism to establish direct marketing channels for8
ready-to-eat products, which may also serve as outlets for processed foods such as jams, jellies,
breads, and preserves.
Heritage tourism refers to leisure travel that has as its primary purpose the experiencing of places
and activities that represent the past. A principal concern of heritage tourism is historical
authenticity and long-term sustainability of the attraction visited. Active local involvement is
also typically a key component of successful heritage tourism endeavors. Baldwin’s (1994)
study of a local heritage festival in northeastern Tennessee represents a good example of a
successful heritage tourism program that fostered community involvement in an economically
underdeveloped rural community. A different heritage tourism focus is provided by DeLyser’s
(1995) article on ghost towns, which emphasizes that such towns in the West may have rich
histories that can be attractive to potential tourists
A second major type of rural tourism activity is nature-based tourism/ecotourism (sometimes
called recreation-based tourism), which refers to the process of visiting natural areas for the
purpose of enjoying the scenery, including plant and animal wildlife. Nature-based tourism may
be either passive, in which observers tend to be strictly observers of nature, or active
adventure travel activities. McDaniel’s (2001) article of southwestern Virginia, which highlights
the tourism potential of the region’s scenic and abundant recreational activities, is a
representative example. Guglielmino (1998) cautions that although ecotourism represents a
viable economic development strategy for rural areas with natural resources, even successful
ventures require patience for local communities. Also, as noted by King and Stewart (1996),
undertaking ecotourism, unless managed carefully, can sometimes pit people against local
natural resources. This suggests a strong need for pursuing sustainable development in
ecotourism activities, as suggested by Lash (1998), who argues that the needs of the local
community, visitors, and the environment can best be met through a synergistic approach
between development and the environment that will not degrade the resource base
A third major form of tourism is agritourism, which refers to, “the act of visiting a working farm
or any agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness operation for the purpose of enjoyment,
education, or active involvement in the activities of the farm or operation” (Lobo, 2001). It
includes taking part in a broad range of farm-based activities, including farmers’ markets,
“petting” farms, roadside stands, and “pick-your-own” operations; engaging in overnight farm or
ranch stays and other farm visits; and visiting agriculture-related festivals, museums, and other
such attractions. (See Dane (2001b) for a discussion of agritourism, including a listing of some
examples of this type of tourism.) Hilchey’s (1993a) publication provides a detailed discussion
of various farm-based tourism enterprises available to farmers in New York State. He notes that
long-term trends in consumer demand for tourism and recreation suggest that agritourism
enterprises can help provide an important niche market for farmers throughout the Nation.
Hilchey (1993b) also notes that three factors are often the key to successful agritouris
-
Tourism can offer rural residents business opportunities in activities that cater to the tourist trade.
Such locally-operated businesses, which may be seasonal, can provide local residents with
valuable opportunities to develop business skills and can give local crafters, farmers, and food
processors, among others, outlets to sell their products to local retail establishments. Farmers
growing fresh produce can take advantage of tourism to establish direct marketing channels for8
ready-to-eat products, which may also serve as outlets for processed foods such as jams, jellies,
breads, and preserves.
Heritage tourism refers to leisure travel that has as its primary purpose the experiencing of places
and activities that represent the past. A principal concern of heritage tourism is historical
authenticity and long-term sustainability of the attraction visited. Active local involvement is
also typically a key component of successful heritage tourism endeavors. Baldwin’s (1994)
study of a local heritage festival in northeastern Tennessee represents a good example of a
successful heritage tourism program that fostered community involvement in an economically
underdeveloped rural community. A different heritage tourism focus is provided by DeLyser’s
(1995) article on ghost towns, which emphasizes that such towns in the West may have rich
histories that can be attractive to potential tourists
A second major type of rural tourism activity is nature-based tourism/ecotourism (sometimes
called recreation-based tourism), which refers to the process of visiting natural areas for the
purpose of enjoying the scenery, including plant and animal wildlife. Nature-based tourism may
be either passive, in which observers tend to be strictly observers of nature, or active
adventure travel activities. McDaniel’s (2001) article of southwestern Virginia, which highlights
the tourism potential of the region’s scenic and abundant recreational activities, is a
representative example. Guglielmino (1998) cautions that although ecotourism represents a
viable economic development strategy for rural areas with natural resources, even successful
ventures require patience for local communities. Also, as noted by King and Stewart (1996),
undertaking ecotourism, unless managed carefully, can sometimes pit people against local
natural resources. This suggests a strong need for pursuing sustainable development in
ecotourism activities, as suggested by Lash (1998), who argues that the needs of the local
community, visitors, and the environment can best be met through a synergistic approach
between development and the environment that will not degrade the resource base
A third major form of tourism is agritourism, which refers to, “the act of visiting a working farm
or any agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness operation for the purpose of enjoyment,
education, or active involvement in the activities of the farm or operation” (Lobo, 2001). It
includes taking part in a broad range of farm-based activities, including farmers’ markets,
“petting” farms, roadside stands, and “pick-your-own” operations; engaging in overnight farm or
ranch stays and other farm visits; and visiting agriculture-related festivals, museums, and other
such attractions. (See Dane (2001b) for a discussion of agritourism, including a listing of some
examples of this type of tourism.) Hilchey’s (1993a) publication provides a detailed discussion
of various farm-based tourism enterprises available to farmers in New York State. He notes that
long-term trends in consumer demand for tourism and recreation suggest that agritourism
enterprises can help provide an important niche market for farmers throughout the Nation.
Hilchey (1993b) also notes that three factors are often the key to successful agritouris
-
Tourism can offer rural residents business opportunities in activities that cater to the tourist trade.
Such locally-operated businesses, which may be seasonal, can provide local residents with
valuable opportunities to develop business skills and can give local crafters, farmers, and food
processors, among others, outlets to sell their products to local retail establishments. Farmers
growing fresh produce can take advantage of tourism to establish direct marketing channels for8
ready-to-eat products, which may also serve as outlets for processed foods such as jams, jellies,
breads, and preserves.
Heritage tourism refers to leisure travel that has as its primary purpose the experiencing of places
and activities that represent the past. A principal concern of heritage tourism is historical
authenticity and long-term sustainability of the attraction visited. Active local involvement is
also typically a key component of successful heritage tourism endeavors. Baldwin’s (1994)
study of a local heritage festival in northeastern Tennessee represents a good example of a
successful heritage tourism program that fostered community involvement in an economically
underdeveloped rural community. A different heritage tourism focus is provided by DeLyser’s
(1995) article on ghost towns, which emphasizes that such towns in the West may have rich
histories that can be attractive to potential tourists
A second major type of rural tourism activity is nature-based tourism/ecotourism (sometimes
called recreation-based tourism), which refers to the process of visiting natural areas for the
purpose of enjoying the scenery, including plant and animal wildlife. Nature-based tourism may
be either passive, in which observers tend to be strictly observers of nature, or active
adventure travel activities. McDaniel’s (2001) article of southwestern Virginia, which highlights
the tourism potential of the region’s scenic and abundant recreational activities, is a
representative example. Guglielmino (1998) cautions that although ecotourism represents a
viable economic development strategy for rural areas with natural resources, even successful
ventures require patience for local communities. Also, as noted by King and Stewart (1996),
undertaking ecotourism, unless managed carefully, can sometimes pit people against local
natural resources. This suggests a strong need for pursuing sustainable development in
ecotourism activities, as suggested by Lash (1998), who argues that the needs of the local
community, visitors, and the environment can best be met through a synergistic approach
between development and the environment that will not degrade the resource base
A third major form of tourism is agritourism, which refers to, “the act of visiting a working farm
or any agricultural, horticultural or agribusiness operation for the purpose of enjoyment,
education, or active involvement in the activities of the farm or operation” (Lobo, 2001). It
includes taking part in a broad range of farm-based activities, including farmers’ markets,
“petting” farms, roadside stands, and “pick-your-own” operations; engaging in overnight farm or
ranch stays and other farm visits; and visiting agriculture-related festivals, museums, and other
such attractions. (See Dane (2001b) for a discussion of agritourism, including a listing of some
examples of this type of tourism.) Hilchey’s (1993a) publication provides a detailed discussion
of various farm-based tourism enterprises available to farmers in New York State. He notes that
long-term trends in consumer demand for tourism and recreation suggest that agritourism
enterprises can help provide an important niche market for farmers throughout the Nation.
Hilchey (1993b) also notes that three factors are often the key to successful agritouris
-
Summary
other studies stress the positive effects that tourism can bring to quality of life issues, including a greater “sense of place” for rural residents, an upgrading of local cultural facilities, or anenhancement of regional conservation efforts. Frequent mention is made of different strategies
employed in rural tourism, including heritage tourism, nature-based tourism/ecotourism, and
agritourism.
Other studies caution that effective rural tourism requires careful planning and development and
typically employs well thought-out marketing approaches. Even well-designed tourism
areas, especially those that are more isolated or more sparsely populated, lack the resources
required to establish a successful tourism program
Most studies reviewed in this report deal exclusively with rural areas, although some urban
citations have been included when the issues involved had relevance to nonmetro America. The
focus is community-based tourism development, with an emphasis on how local communities
can more effectively develop a viable tourism strategy. Also, while the studies were mainly
conducted since the early 1990’s, some citations from the 1980’s have also been included.
In recent years, rural tourism has gone through significant changes. What was once an activity
primarily focused on usage of national parks has evolved into an area of interest now deemed to
have considerable potential for rural development. One aspect of this change in status is the
vocabulary used to describe various types of rural tourism activities. For example, some studies
The remainder of this report is divided into two sections. First is a discussion of the main issues
related to rural tourism and tourism strategies, with relevant research cited. Second is the
annotated bibliography, organized by topic. All references cited in the discussion section can be
found in the area of the annotated bibliography addressing the topic described
Marketing of tourism poses special challenges for many rural areas. Frequently, rural
communities lack the name recognition associated with more populated areas. Different
strategies can be pursued to achieve greater name recognition among potential visitors.
Commonly, this involves targeting potential visitors to an area. For example, Henning (1996)
demonstrates that survey methods in a rural Louisiana community have been effective in
targeting the area to seniors, who are among the most frequent visitors. Often regional
marketing makes the most sense given the limited resources available to many rural areas
(Shields and Schibik, 1995). However, Sadowske and Alexander (1992) caution that prior to
implementing an expensive marketing strategy, communities should be aware of other costs
associated with tourism development. They also argue that the key to success in tourism often
lies in communities striking a balance between the private and social costs and benefits of rural
tourism development.
Tourism can be an important force for developing disadvantaged rural areas. In particular, rural
communities with few other options for development may perceive that tourism represents a
panacea for growth. While tourism can certainly be an important component of a sound
development plan, this is not always the case. For example, Bontron and Lasnier (1997) note
that the local tourism impact varies greatly among rural regions and depends on a host of factors
including work force characteristics and seasonality issues. Local support, however, is usually a
necessary component for a successful tourism strategy, as noted by Bourke and Luloff (1995),
and echoed by Brass (1996), Burr (1995), and Woods (1992). That is why tourism strategies
must be consiste
-
Summary
other studies stress the positive effects that tourism can bring to quality of life issues, including a greater “sense of place” for rural residents, an upgrading of local cultural facilities, or anenhancement of regional conservation efforts. Frequent mention is made of different strategies
employed in rural tourism, including heritage tourism, nature-based tourism/ecotourism, and
agritourism.
Other studies caution that effective rural tourism requires careful planning and development and
typically employs well thought-out marketing approaches. Even well-designed tourism
areas, especially those that are more isolated or more sparsely populated, lack the resources
required to establish a successful tourism program
Most studies reviewed in this report deal exclusively with rural areas, although some urban
citations have been included when the issues involved had relevance to nonmetro America. The
focus is community-based tourism development, with an emphasis on how local communities
can more effectively develop a viable tourism strategy. Also, while the studies were mainly
conducted since the early 1990’s, some citations from the 1980’s have also been included.
In recent years, rural tourism has gone through significant changes. What was once an activity
primarily focused on usage of national parks has evolved into an area of interest now deemed to
have considerable potential for rural development. One aspect of this change in status is the
vocabulary used to describe various types of rural tourism activities. For example, some studies
The remainder of this report is divided into two sections. First is a discussion of the main issues
related to rural tourism and tourism strategies, with relevant research cited. Second is the
annotated bibliography, organized by topic. All references cited in the discussion section can be
found in the area of the annotated bibliography addressing the topic described
Marketing of tourism poses special challenges for many rural areas. Frequently, rural
communities lack the name recognition associated with more populated areas. Different
strategies can be pursued to achieve greater name recognition among potential visitors.
Commonly, this involves targeting potential visitors to an area. For example, Henning (1996)
demonstrates that survey methods in a rural Louisiana community have been effective in
targeting the area to seniors, who are among the most frequent visitors. Often regional
marketing makes the most sense given the limited resources available to many rural areas
(Shields and Schibik, 1995). However, Sadowske and Alexander (1992) caution that prior to
implementing an expensive marketing strategy, communities should be aware of other costs
associated with tourism development. They also argue that the key to success in tourism often
lies in communities striking a balance between the private and social costs and benefits of rural
tourism development.
Tourism can be an important force for developing disadvantaged rural areas. In particular, rural
communities with few other options for development may perceive that tourism represents a
panacea for growth. While tourism can certainly be an important component of a sound
development plan, this is not always the case. For example, Bontron and Lasnier (1997) note
that the local tourism impact varies greatly among rural regions and depends on a host of factors
including work force characteristics and seasonality issues. Local support, however, is usually a
necessary component for a successful tourism strategy, as noted by Bourke and Luloff (1995),
and echoed by Brass (1996), Burr (1995), and Woods (1992). That is why tourism strategies
must be consiste
-
Summary
other studies stress the positive effects that tourism can bring to quality of life issues, including a greater “sense of place” for rural residents, an upgrading of local cultural facilities, or anenhancement of regional conservation efforts. Frequent mention is made of different strategies
employed in rural tourism, including heritage tourism, nature-based tourism/ecotourism, and
agritourism.
Other studies caution that effective rural tourism requires careful planning and development and
typically employs well thought-out marketing approaches. Even well-designed tourism
areas, especially those that are more isolated or more sparsely populated, lack the resources
required to establish a successful tourism program
Most studies reviewed in this report deal exclusively with rural areas, although some urban
citations have been included when the issues involved had relevance to nonmetro America. The
focus is community-based tourism development, with an emphasis on how local communities
can more effectively develop a viable tourism strategy. Also, while the studies were mainly
conducted since the early 1990’s, some citations from the 1980’s have also been included.
In recent years, rural tourism has gone through significant changes. What was once an activity
primarily focused on usage of national parks has evolved into an area of interest now deemed to
have considerable potential for rural development. One aspect of this change in status is the
vocabulary used to describe various types of rural tourism activities. For example, some studies
The remainder of this report is divided into two sections. First is a discussion of the main issues
related to rural tourism and tourism strategies, with relevant research cited. Second is the
annotated bibliography, organized by topic. All references cited in the discussion section can be
found in the area of the annotated bibliography addressing the topic described
Marketing of tourism poses special challenges for many rural areas. Frequently, rural
communities lack the name recognition associated with more populated areas. Different
strategies can be pursued to achieve greater name recognition among potential visitors.
Commonly, this involves targeting potential visitors to an area. For example, Henning (1996)
demonstrates that survey methods in a rural Louisiana community have been effective in
targeting the area to seniors, who are among the most frequent visitors. Often regional
marketing makes the most sense given the limited resources available to many rural areas
(Shields and Schibik, 1995). However, Sadowske and Alexander (1992) caution that prior to
implementing an expensive marketing strategy, communities should be aware of other costs
associated with tourism development. They also argue that the key to success in tourism often
lies in communities striking a balance between the private and social costs and benefits of rural
tourism development.
Tourism can be an important force for developing disadvantaged rural areas. In particular, rural
communities with few other options for development may perceive that tourism represents a
panacea for growth. While tourism can certainly be an important component of a sound
development plan, this is not always the case. For example, Bontron and Lasnier (1997) note
that the local tourism impact varies greatly among rural regions and depends on a host of factors
including work force characteristics and seasonality issues. Local support, however, is usually a
necessary component for a successful tourism strategy, as noted by Bourke and Luloff (1995),
and echoed by Brass (1996), Burr (1995), and Woods (1992). That is why tourism strategies
must be consiste
-
Summary
other studies stress the positive effects that tourism can bring to quality of life issues, including a greater “sense of place” for rural residents, an upgrading of local cultural facilities, or anenhancement of regional conservation efforts. Frequent mention is made of different strategies
employed in rural tourism, including heritage tourism, nature-based tourism/ecotourism, and
agritourism.
Other studies caution that effective rural tourism requires careful planning and development and
typically employs well thought-out marketing approaches. Even well-designed tourism
areas, especially those that are more isolated or more sparsely populated, lack the resources
required to establish a successful tourism program
Most studies reviewed in this report deal exclusively with rural areas, although some urban
citations have been included when the issues involved had relevance to nonmetro America. The
focus is community-based tourism development, with an emphasis on how local communities
can more effectively develop a viable tourism strategy. Also, while the studies were mainly
conducted since the early 1990’s, some citations from the 1980’s have also been included.
In recent years, rural tourism has gone through significant changes. What was once an activity
primarily focused on usage of national parks has evolved into an area of interest now deemed to
have considerable potential for rural development. One aspect of this change in status is the
vocabulary used to describe various types of rural tourism activities. For example, some studies
The remainder of this report is divided into two sections. First is a discussion of the main issues
related to rural tourism and tourism strategies, with relevant research cited. Second is the
annotated bibliography, organized by topic. All references cited in the discussion section can be
found in the area of the annotated bibliography addressing the topic described
Marketing of tourism poses special challenges for many rural areas. Frequently, rural
communities lack the name recognition associated with more populated areas. Different
strategies can be pursued to achieve greater name recognition among potential visitors.
Commonly, this involves targeting potential visitors to an area. For example, Henning (1996)
demonstrates that survey methods in a rural Louisiana community have been effective in
targeting the area to seniors, who are among the most frequent visitors. Often regional
marketing makes the most sense given the limited resources available to many rural areas
(Shields and Schibik, 1995). However, Sadowske and Alexander (1992) caution that prior to
implementing an expensive marketing strategy, communities should be aware of other costs
associated with tourism development. They also argue that the key to success in tourism often
lies in communities striking a balance between the private and social costs and benefits of rural
tourism development.
Tourism can be an important force for developing disadvantaged rural areas. In particular, rural
communities with few other options for development may perceive that tourism represents a
panacea for growth. While tourism can certainly be an important component of a sound
development plan, this is not always the case. For example, Bontron and Lasnier (1997) note
that the local tourism impact varies greatly among rural regions and depends on a host of factors
including work force characteristics and seasonality issues. Local support, however, is usually a
necessary component for a successful tourism strategy, as noted by Bourke and Luloff (1995),
and echoed by Brass (1996), Burr (1995), and Woods (1992). That is why tourism strategies
must be consiste